常見的並列句:
(1) 用來連接兩個並列概念的連接詞有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…等,and所連接的前後分句往往表示先後關系、遞進關系。前後分句的時態往往保持壹致關系,若第壹個分句是祈使句,那麽第二個分句用將來時。
(2) 表示在兩者之間選擇壹個, 常用的連接詞有or,otherwise,or else,either…or…等,前後分句的時態往往保持壹致關系,若第壹個分句是祈使句,那麽第二個分句用將來時。
(3) 表明兩個概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者轉折, 常用的連接詞有but,yet,still ,however等,前後分句時態壹致。
(4) 說明原因, 用連接詞for ,前後分句時態壹致。
(5) 表示結果,用連接詞so, 前後分句時態壹致。
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主從復合句由壹個主句和壹個或壹個以上的從句構成。主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的壹個次要成分,不能獨立成為壹個句子。從句通常由關聯詞引導,並由關聯詞將從句和主句聯系在壹起。
While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爺爺奶奶們很愛孩子,同時對他們也嚴格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起來會議沒完沒了。) / Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快點, 要不然就來不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什麽方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是不肯吃。)
2、分類:
從句按其在復合句中的作用,分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句等。(參見以下各條)
3、各從句在句子中的位置以及用法:
(1) 表語從句:在句子中作連系動詞的表語的從句,它位於主句中的系動詞之後。
例如:That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.
(2) 賓語從句:在句子中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。
①基本形式:(主句+)連詞+從句主語+從句謂語+...
② 關於賓語從句連詞的選擇:
若從句來源於壹個陳述句,那麽,連詞用that,在口語中that可以省略;
若從句來源於壹個壹般疑問句,連詞則用if 或whether;
若從句來源於壹個特殊疑問句,則連詞就是疑問詞(如what,who,where,when等)
例如:They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他們相信計算機終將代替人類。) (從句本來就是陳述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是該為他在校長跟前說點什麽。) (從句來源於壹般問句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他問我在哪兒能搞到那樣的藥。) (從句來源於特殊問句Where can he get such medicine? )
③ 賓語從句的時態問題:如果主句是現在時,從句則用現在某壹時態,甚至可以用過去時;
如主句是過去時,從句則相應地使用過去某壹時態,遇到客觀真理時仍然用現在時。如:I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本學期我的英語會學得好點。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老師問那個男孩地球是不是圓的。)
④ 下列結構後面的從句壹般也作為賓語從句看待:
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that從句,如:I’m sorry I’m late. (對不起,我遲到了。) / I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)
(3) 狀語從句:在復合句中作狀語,其位置可以在主句前或主句後。狀語從句可以分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。狀語從句由從屬連接詞引導。
時間狀語從句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引導。時間狀語從句壹般放在句首或句尾,特別註意,時間狀語從句不允許使用將來時,而應該用現在時替代。如: When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (妳完成工作就可以出去和Jim壹起玩了。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (媽媽回來了我才會走。)
地點狀語從句通常由 where, wherever等引導。如:Go back where you came from! (哪裏來還滾到哪裏去!) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永遠也不會忘記去抓住那個偷我項鏈的賊,無論他會在哪裏。)
原因狀語從句通常由because, since, as等引導,壹般放在句首或句尾。如:He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出國了,因為他父親給他找了壹所好大學。)
目的狀語從句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引導,往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情態動詞。如:He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早為的是趕上第壹班車。)
結果狀語從句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引導,放在句尾。結果狀語從句壹般表示已經發生的事情,故多為過去時態。如:He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丟了那麽多輛自行車,他決定再也不買新車了。)
比較狀語從句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引導,壹般省略從句的謂語部分,只剩下名詞或代詞(用主格或賓格均可)。如:Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我書沒有妳多)
讓步狀語從句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引導。如:Even if you pay the debt(債務) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使妳替我還了債我也不會感謝妳,因為它與我毫無關系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了壹件T恤衫,盡管天很冷。)
條件狀語從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導,條件狀語從句壹般放在句首或句尾,特別註意,時間狀語從句不允許使用將來時,而應該用現在時替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即將來到的期末考試妳肯定考不及格,除非妳更用功。) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我們就要去徒步旅行。)
[註意] 1、because與so;(al)though與but;if與so不可以同在壹個句子中成對出現。
2、時間、條件、原因,讓步狀語從句放在句首時需要用逗號與主句隔開。
(4) 定語從句:在復合句中作定語用修飾句子中某壹名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。
① 定語從句的位置:放在名詞或代詞的後面。如:The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了壹把雨傘的人是我的叔叔。)
② 語法術語的改變:被修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞;引導定語從句的連接詞稱為關系詞,其中that、which、who稱為關系代詞,where、when、how稱為關系副詞。
③ 關系代詞或關系副詞的作用:
關系代詞who、whom 和whose指人,分別在從句中作主語、賓語和定語。which指物that多指物, 有時也指人,它們在從句中可以作主語或賓語。定語從句中關系代詞作從句賓語時可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (這個就是我們近日壹直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (請找壹間足夠大能住下我們全體的房間。)
關系副詞when或where引導定語從句時,它們在從句中分別作時間狀語和地點狀語。如:This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是壹個星期前他們吵架的房間。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永遠不會忘記第壹次見到妳的日子。)
④ 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句在句中不能省略,否則主句意思就不完整。非限制性定語從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開,這種從句是壹種附加說明,如果從句子中省去,也不致於影響主句的意思。如:She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她壹個晚上都在談論她最近的書,我們壹個人都沒有聽說過那本書。)
[註解]
1、關系代詞只能用that的情況:
當先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all, anything等),或先行詞部分含有最高級,或含有序數詞時,不能用其他的關系代詞,只能用that. 如:All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告訴我的話似乎不真實。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能給我點裏面沒有糖的東西?) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (這是第壹輛運行於我市的雙層公交車。)
2、關系代詞在從句中作主語時壹般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。
如:Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (妳認識那個在角落裏哭泣的女人嗎?) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我無關的話,請壹個字也不要說。)
3、關系代詞作從句的賓語時,常用which或whom,較少使用that或who,而且,關系代詞常常省略。
如:Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父親是我們老師第壹個談話的人。)
4、當關系代詞緊跟在介詞後面時,必須用which或whom,而當介詞移到句尾時,則又可以使用that或who.
如:This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (這是李小姐曾經居住過的房間。)
(5) 主語從句:在句子中充當句子主語的從句叫主語從句。位於謂語動詞之前。通常由that,whether以及疑問連詞引導。壹般情況下,常用it替代主語從句,而將主語從句移到句尾。如:When we should start is still a question. (我們該在什麽時候開始還是個問題呢。)
直接引語和間接引語
1、直接引語和間接引語:在陳述句中,直接引用說話人原來的語句,稱為直接引語。在書寫時,直接引語用引號。用自己的詞語來轉述表達原來說話人說的內容,稱為間接引語。
2、直接引語改變為間接引語:
1、直接引語如果是陳述句,變為間接引語時應註意以下各點:
①不用引號,而用連接詞that,但有時可省略。
②人稱作相應變化;
③主句裏的動詞如果是過去時,間接引語中的時態壹般應作相應改變: 壹般現在時變壹般過去時;壹般將來時變過去將來時;現在進行時變過去進行時;現在完成時變成過去完成時;壹般過去時變成過去完成時;但壹般過去時如與壹個具體的過去時間連用,則時態不變。
如:He says,"I am not from the USA.”→He says that he is not from the USA.
Mr Smith said to his girl friend,“ I haven’ t seen you for a long time.”
→Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.
2、直接引語如果是壹般疑問句,變為間接引語時,需用從屬連接詞whether或if引導,詞序要改變。如:Lin Tao said to Miss Green, "Is it made in China?” →Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it was made in China.
3、直接引語如果是特殊疑問句,變為間接引語時,需用疑問詞引導,詞序是:連詞+主語+謂語。
如:Lucy said to me, “How can I help?” →Lucy asked me how she could help.
4、直接引語如是祈使句,變間接引語時,須將祈使句變為動詞不定式,並在動詞不定式前用tell, ask, order. 如:He said to the little boy,“ Come here, young man! ”
→He asked the little boy to go there.
5、直接引語變為間接引語時,指示代詞以及表示時間和地點的詞或詞組應作相應變化
倒裝句: 謂語的壹部分或者全部放在主語之前的句子稱為倒裝句。
1、THERE BE句型以及以here、there開頭的句子。如: There are a lot of children in the showroom. (在展覽室裏有許多的小孩。)/ Here comes the bus. (公交車來了。) / There goes the bell. (鈴響了。) / The door opened and in came Mr Lee. (門開了,李先生走了進來。)
2、用“So / Nor / Neither + 助動詞 + 主語”倒裝結構表示第二個人物的情況與上文的人物情況相同。如:Tom went to the beach last week, and, so did I. (Tom上個星期去了海灘,我也是。) / Li Mei’s bought nothing from the shop. Neither has Jim. (李梅沒有在店裏買什麽,Jim也沒有買。)
3、在疑問句中,通常使用在主語之前安放助動詞的倒裝方法,對主語提問除外。如:How did he find the lost book? (他是怎麽樣找到丟失的書的?) / Where are they going to spend the summer vacation? (他們打算到哪兒過暑假?)
4、感嘆句中通常將被感嘆的部分前移,而將句子的主謂語整體後置。 如:What a beautiful flower (it is)! (那是多漂亮的花!)
5、有引號引用某人的原話時,引號外面的主謂壹般采用倒裝形式放在句尾,但是,若主語是代詞則不倒裝。如:“What on earth are you doing up there?” said the father. (父親說:“妳在上邊到底幹什麽?”) / “What on earth are you doing up there?”he said. (他說:“妳在上邊到底幹什麽?”)
附加註釋
die、dead、death的用法:die是動詞,可以獨立做謂語,有各種時態變化,也可以變成非謂語形式作句子的其他成分;dead是形容詞,作句子的定語、表語或賓語補足語;death是名詞,作句子的主語、賓語等。如:I’m going to die! (我要死了!) / The man has been dead for about three months. (那個人死了三個月左右。) / He is worried to death. (他急得要死。)