Brief introduction, disappearance, ruins, discovery, significance, Niya stupa, brief introduction When the Western Han Dynasty controlled the Western Regions, there were thirty-six small countries on this land, which were collectively called "the thirty-six countries in the Western Regions". Unfortunately, in the later years, with the war and ecological changes, some of the "Thirty-six Western Regions" kept their vitality and developed into frontier towns, while others disappeared into the vast yellow sand of Taklimakan for various reasons. Located in the Taklimakan Desert, about 150km north of Minfeng County, Hotan, there is an ancient site-Niya Site. It is called "Pompeii of the East" by experts and scholars who come here to inspect. It was first discovered by British Stein in 1901. Stein collected a large number of Han Dynasty documents, pottery, woodcarving, coins and other precious cultural relics here, which caused a sensation in the world archaeological community. This forgotten site in the vast yellow sand has gradually attracted people's attention. However, until the 1930s, people could not accurately determine the exact name of this ancient site, and it was not until several Han bamboo slips were discovered here that people knew that this place was one of the 36 countries in the Western Regions. The whole site is distributed on the delta in the lower reaches of the Niya River. It is centered on the stupa which is more than two meters high, with a length of 25 kilometers from north to south and a width of 7 kilometers from east to west. It is surrounded by more than 200 relics such as temples, houses, pits, cemeteries, orchards, forest belts, roads and pools. Judging from the scope of distribution, the city was quite large in those days. In the Western Han Dynasty, there were 8820 miles away from Chang 'an, with 480 families and 3600 people in the country. The king lived in Jingjue City, and there were 500 soldiers in the whole Jingjue country, with one Jingjue Duwei, one Zuojiang and one postman. Although this country is small, its geographical position is very important, so it is rich and rich, and it has become the target of all the surrounding forces. Due to the war and other reasons, the country of perfection gradually disappeared from people's vision around the 3rd century. Four hundred years after the disappearance of Jing Guo, Tang Xuanzang went to India. He passed by the ruins of Jing Guo and described the situation to us. Tang Xuanzang entered the sand moraine from "near the east of Sichuan", and traveled for more than 200 miles to Nirang City. On Wednesday, he was four miles away. In the middle of osawa, it was wet and humid, and it was difficult to walk. The reeds were barren and there was no way to return. Only the road to the city can only pass, so the people who come and go are all from this city, and Qu Sadan thinks that the eastern border is also guarded. " This is the last record about the country of perfection. Since then, the country of perfection, one of the 36 countries in the Western Regions, has disappeared on the stage of history. Disappeared According to the biography of the Western Regions in Hanshu, the state of Jing Jing is located at the foot of Kunlun Mountain, on the southern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and is under the jurisdiction of the Western Regions Protection Office of the Han Dynasty. The king has generals, a surname, a postman and so on. Although the country is a small country, it is located in the throat of the Silk Road, and its geographical position is very important. The environment described in the history books is: "the land is hot and humid, it is difficult to tread, the reeds are dense, and there is no way to recover." It can be clearly seen from the few words in the text that the state of perfection at that time was an oasis. After the 3rd century A.D., the country of perfection suddenly disappeared, and Stein's discovery made the country of perfection appear in the world. Niya Culture However, how did the state of perfection disappear from history? Why is it buried in the rolling yellow sand? Why did the splendid oasis become the ruins of death? For this reason, historians are puzzled and arguing endlessly. Many people think that the reason why Niya was abandoned and buried in the sand sea is because Niya people cut down trees and destroyed the ecological environment, so that the water source dried up, sandstorms raged, oases disappeared and eventually were submerged under the vast sand sea. There are also many people who have doubts and negative views on this. In order to uncover this eternal mystery, Chinese and Japanese archaeologists went deep into the Taklimakan desert in June 5438+0995 and began a large-scale scientific investigation of the Niya site. This excavation is the most fruitful one in the past century, and it was rated as one of the "Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries in China in 1995". The rich and well-preserved unearthed cultural relics shocked the archaeological circles in China and even the world. The most valuable archaeological discovery this time is a large number of well-preserved tapestries with distinctive features and wooden slips and letters written with Balu characters. Among them, the brocade of "Five Stars Coming out of the East and Benefiting China" is thick in texture, magnificent and smooth in pattern and colorful, which is rare in the world. A large number of Lu Wen files have also made archaeologists ecstatic. Originally originated from the ancient Gandhara, Chanlu was written by Ashoka of the Indian Peacock Dynasty in the 3rd century BC, and its full name was "Chanlu Dish". It was first used in northwest India and present-day Pakistan, and was widely spread in Central Asia in the L-2nd century. In the middle of the 4th century AD, with the demise of Guishuang Dynasty, Boluwen also disappeared. At the end of 18, Boluwen had already become an unknown dead languages, and it was not until 1837 that the mystery of Boluwen was discovered by the British scholar Principe. But the problem is that in the 3rd century AD, Boluwen disappeared in India, where it originated, and why did it suddenly become popular in other countries? This really puzzles historians. The most attractive thing, of course, is the content of the wooden slips written by Lu Lu. Reading them, we find that the kingdom of Niya has long been threatened and invaded by SUPIS from the southwest. It can be said that the kingdom of Niya spent its last days with great anxiety in a premonition of disaster. The words of the wooden slips show that the SUPlS people's threat to the invasion of the kingdom of Niya is deepening step by step. For example, "SUPIS people's threat is very worrying, and others will conduct an inventory of the residents in the city"; "Existing people bring important information about SUPlS attack"; "Now the message from Qiemo says that there is danger from SUPIS ... and soldiers must go, no matter how many troops there are ..." Obviously, Niya people can't resist the powerful SUPIS attack, "SUPIS people took the horse away from here"; SUPIS stole his name, the slave of Bodhisattva. Archaeologists in this ruins, which has been sleeping for 65,438+0,600 years, saw a lot of bones around the house, various relics scattered everywhere, and the door was open or half closed. The earthenware urn used to store Lu Wen was sealed and unopened, and there was still a lot of food in the storage room, even a thread on the spinning wheel. All this seems to tell people that the kingdom of Niya suffered a fatal blow after facing the threat of long-term invasion, and even left no final written record. At the end of the eastern Han dynasty, the national strength of the Han dynasty was exhausted, and the officers and men of the eastern Han dynasty evacuated from the western regions. The Central Plains has been plunged into a long period of division and war, and there has been a political vacuum in the western regions, and the countries in the western regions have also fallen into the war of killing the law by the jungle. The weak Niya was finally drowned in this bloody battle, and the brocade of "Five Stars Going Out of the East and Benefiting China" revealed that Niya's heart returned to China to pray for peace, which also made people face this thousand-year brocade and lament Niya's fate. Site Niya Site is located at the tail of Niya River, 150 km north of Minfeng County, in the heart of Taklimakan Desert. The ancient city was first discovered by Stein in 1901, and he investigated and excavated the site again in 1906. Stein excavated 53 abandoned sites twice, and found 721 pieces of Luwen wooden slips, several pieces of Chinese wooden slips and wooden slips, as well as weapons and musical instruments. At the same time, the site was surveyed. After the announcement of its investigation results, it caused a sensation in the world. After Stein, American Heng Yantun in 1905, Japanese Ju Ruichao in 1911 also set foot here successively. Since then, Stein has been here twice in 1913 and 19365438. The burial tomb of the Eastern Han couple excavated in 1959 is one of the major archaeological discoveries in Xinjiang. Two mummified bodies and a number of precious cultural relics were unearthed in the tomb, among which cotton pieces dyed with flowers on the blue background and cotton trousers are considered to be the earliest cotton fabrics seen in China so far. Since 1989, the Xinjiang Cultural Department and the related academic groups with Kojima Yasunari as the leader have carried out joint investigation and investigation of the Niya site between China and Japan in a planned way, and achieved many important results. Through comprehensive investigation, Niya has found out that Niya site is located on an ancient oasis buried by yellow sand at the end of Niya River. The ancient ruins are scattered among the sand dune chains in the Guniya Valley, with the stupa as the center, extending 25 kilometers from north to south in a strip shape and spreading 5-7 kilometers from east to west. In this long and narrow area, there are many housing sites, yards, cemeteries, pagodas, Buddhist temples, fields, orchards, barns, canals, ponds, pottery kilns and smelting sites with different scales and different degrees of survival. More than 70 sites have been discovered. Niya, an ancient civilization site that dreamily remains in the vast desert, is the hometown of a "stunning country" with "480 households, 3,360 people and 500 victorious soldiers" recorded in The Biography of the Western Regions of Han Dynasty. 1995 The joint burial tomb of Han and Jin couples excavated by the Sino-Japanese Niya site joint investigation team is rare in the archaeological history of Xinjiang and even the whole country. At the same time, it was also listed as one of the top ten ancient discoveries in China in 1995 because of its scientific norms of field archaeological excavations and the abundance of exquisite and exotic unearthed objects, which best expressed the historical romantic beauty of "burying ancient civilization in sand". On the way to explore the Niya site, tourists can also take a trip to Minfeng Damaza, where the ancient trees are lush. The Maza is located in Niya Township, 96 kilometers north of Minfeng County, and it is said to be the tomb of Gapar Sadik, the sixth generation imam of Shiites in Islam. Damaza, a popular place, is known as the "Mazza of the poor", because Muslims believe that if they are unable to make a pilgrimage to Mecca, they will make a pilgrimage to Mecca, so tens of thousands of pilgrims are received here every year. It is found that since 1700 years, due to climate and geological changes, the riverbed has retreated, and it has degenerated into a typical mobile dune landform. A hundred years ago, it was incredible to talk about the existence of such an ancient civilization in the vast sea of death. However, the archaeological achievements in the past hundred years have proved that the existence of this "Oriental Pompeii City" is an iron fact, leaving people with only textual research on this fact. It is generally believed that the disappearance of the residential communities around the desert is always accompanied by the retreat, diversion or deterioration of other natural conditions of rivers. However, the comprehensive study of archaeology, meteorology and hydrogeology of the Niya site shows that the demise of Niya civilization is probably not due to the variation of natural conditions, but to military, social or other abrupt factors. This magical site has left an eternal mystery for mankind. (Note: The Taklimakan Desert is located in the Tarim Basin between the Tianshan Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains. It stretches 65,438+0,500 kilometers from east to west and 600 kilometers from north to south, covering an area of 5.57 million square kilometers. No one knows how to describe it. Is this a forbidden area for life? You will think that she is alive and beautiful. Yes, it's beautiful. Nothing can restrain the pace of human pursuit of beauty, so Niya is doomed to be a lonely and painful hiking journey. But when you stop here, you will find that the real world is so far away. When the worldly glitz is washed away, at that moment, everyone is real, just like a child, enjoying the joy and joy of that little bit with a pair of innocent eyes, which is enough. Perhaps only Niya, a lifeless place, can make people really feel the meaning of life! It is said in Niya that thousands of years ago, there was a severe typhoon in Niya, which accumulated 3 ~ 4 meters of sand overnight, leading to the sudden death of the whole city. There is also such a vivid description that the earliest people who came to the Niya site found that there were many people wearing only underpants around the stupa in the center of the city, holding the pagoda and dying there. Is it true that Niya was destroyed by a terrible mutation as in the legend? There is also a bizarre report that on the giant Buddha statue in the ruins of Niya, archaeologists found the words engraved in the old Uyghur language: If you don't believe in Hu Da, you will perish! Who would issue such a warning on this ancient site? According to historical records, two thousand years ago, the natural environment and swamp vegetation in Niya area were very good. At the beginning of the century, the Englishman Stein recorded what he saw at that time after he entered Nia: there were beautifully carved wooden chairs in the hall of the house, and the millet accumulated in the storage room was orange-yellow ... The ancient river course of Nia meandered among the sandbags of red willows, and on the first-class terrace along the coast, many ancient human activities were intermittently seen, with fragments of coarse red pottery pots scattered, which may have been left behind by the treasure thieves that year. The farther you go, the bigger the sandbags are, and the scenery becomes more and more desolate and lonely. Yang Yichou's camel climbed up a big platform slowly. He saw a gray stupa in the north, and his blood rushed up. This is the symbol of Guniya, which he missed day and night. The expedition took the Great Pagoda as the center, and rode a camel to conduct a comprehensive radial investigation. They found the remnants of the ancient residence. The wall was woven by reeds and red willow branches, and the outside was covered with mud. Pottery pieces were scattered on the interior of the house. Yang Yichou even found a bag of peach stones ... Stein once recorded that there was a bridge in the ancient ruins of Nia, which aroused great interest of the expedition team. They specially searched for this ancient bridge. Seven or eight kilometers south of the Great Pagoda, according to Stein's mark, Yang Yichou really found the bridge. The wooden samples of the bridge were taken for analysis, and the time was about 1700 years ago. What other secrets are hidden under the ancient city of Nia? The expedition decided to pull open the sand layer and explore the mystery of the ages. Yang Yichou made a detailed work record at that time: today, he rode a camel to continue his northward investigation and swam in the vast sand sea. The Uighur old sand pointed out that it was an ancient tomb. Everyone hurried down and looked for it among the sand dunes. The old sand was sharp-eyed, raking around the ground and looking around. Later, he picked up many beads, including red, yellow and yellow. Lao Sha said that these are funerary objects, and they will be exposed after every storm. Every time he comes, he gains something, and he carried back a complete "mummy" from here that year. We saw a coffin exposed to the surface of the earth, which was actually a hollow trunk of Populus euphratica, and the body was stuffed in the middle and dried into a "mummy". Beside the wooden coffin, there are wisps of red silk, orange leggings and wisps of golden hair floating on the sand dunes. Lao Sha said there must be a mummy here. Niya came again the next day, and unearthed a "mummy" with a missing head: the shriveled skin was wrapped around the bones, revealing curved ribs and vertebrae, and the two stovepipe bones stretched out far away in a prone position, and some parts of the body were wrapped in red and yellow silk and hemp. The wind and sand kept blowing, so we quickly took photos, recorded and located, then took samples of clothes and coffins, and finally buried him with sand. When we left the cemetery and walked back, we found another dense white skeleton about half a kilometer away from the Great Buddha Pagoda. The camel worker also saw a complete red pottery pot next to the sandbag. Three days later, I braved the rare southwest wind here and rode a camel to the work site. With bare feet, big masks or towels on their mouths, the staff knelt in their respective grids, with spatulas, scrapers and brushes in their hands, and cleaned the ground a little bit. Everything they touched should be carefully observed. If cultural relics are found, they should be described as they are, informed to take photos and measure, and then collected, labeled and put into their pockets, while the surplus sand shovel was swept into another square and carried out by migrant workers. It can be said that every needle and dime will not be missed in this meticulous excavation, but if all the ancient ruins of Nyaya are excavated in this way, it will take at least 50 years. Through comprehensive investigation and excavation of Niya, the expedition team found more than 90 ancient sites and precious wooden slips of Bolu. The ancient sites are all distributed along the ancient river in the north-south direction, which shows that there is an inseparable relationship between Niya residents and water. I imagine that in those days, the waterways on the oasis were bifurcated, the lakes and ponds were full of rob and Niya people lived by water, the river was clearly flowing, the lakes and ponds were full of waves, the tall Hu Yangshu was rustled by the wind in front of the house, and the lush old mulberry trees, peach trees and chic willows were reflected on the water. In the forest of Populus euphratica and reed meadow, flocks are infested, vineyards are green, the loom of the hostess in the room is creaking, the fire in the pottery and smelting field is red, and some leisurely people are eating peaches and mulberries while baking, which is a wonderful pastoral scenery. However, the vicissitudes of life, all this has disappeared. For the fall of Niya, Yang Yichou explained this "eternal mystery" in his own book "The Change of Niya's Geographical Environment and the Rise and Fall of Civilization". He believes that we must think from the big environmental changes. In terms of nature, the climate-based environmental conditions are becoming more and more severe, and the most sensitive reflection is water, which can be found in the existing relics. For example, the discovery of many waterlogged dams is an important way for people in arid areas to store water and survive, which is still used today. The worsening contradiction between limited water resources and expanded human activities, frequent ethnic and religious wars, extensive and backward production methods, and human destruction of plants and water sources can all lead to and accelerate the depletion of water sources and the expansion of desertification. Without the necessary conditions for survival, the Niya people are bound to be forced to migrate, and the death of Niya is inevitable. Yang Yichou firmly believes in his own judgment: "Niya will not disappear suddenly because of some sudden disaster. There is no evidence that Niya died overnight or that Niya people left in a hurry. Kabak Village at the end of the modern Niya River is a living example in the harsh environment and the swimming life that has been frequently migrated for decades. " In the hinterland of the desert, more than 20 remains of ancient cities of Han and Tang dynasties have been discovered. These ancient cities, which are about 100 kilometers away from the southern edge of Taklimakan desert, are connected in a line from east to west, forming and creating the famous ancient "Silk Road" and its glory. "Water goes, people are empty, and the road dies", which is an iron law of the great desert. The discovery of the Meaningful Niya Site provides valuable materials for studying the relationship between the Central Plains Dynasty and the ancient western countries, and for studying the cultural exchanges between the East and the West and the Silk Road. Niya site is located at the tail of Niya River, 150km north of Minfeng County, in the heart of Taklimakan Desert. The ancient city was first discovered by Stein in 1901, and he investigated and excavated the site again in 1906. Stein excavated 53 abandoned sites twice, and found 721 pieces of Luwen wooden slips, several pieces of Chinese wooden slips and wooden slips, as well as weapons and musical instruments. At the same time, the site was surveyed. After the announcement of its investigation results, it caused a sensation in the world. After Stein, the American Henton in 1905, and the Japanese Ju Ruichao in 1911 also set foot here successively. Since then, Stein has visited here twice in 1913 and 19365438. The burial tomb of the Eastern Han couple excavated in 1959 is one of the major archaeological discoveries in Xinjiang. Two mummified bodies and a number of precious cultural relics were unearthed in the tomb, among which cotton pieces dyed with flowers on the blue background and cotton trousers are considered to be the earliest cotton fabrics seen in China so far. Since 1989, the Xinjiang Cultural Department and the related academic groups with Kojima Yasunari as the leader have carried out joint investigation and investigation of the Niya site between China and Japan in a planned way, and achieved many important results. Through comprehensive investigation, Niya has found out that Niya site is located on an ancient oasis buried by yellow sand at the end of Niya River. The ancient ruins are scattered among the sand dune chains in the Guniya Valley, with the stupa as the center, extending 25 kilometers from north to south in a strip shape and spreading 5-7 kilometers from east to west. In this long and narrow area, there are many housing sites, yards, cemeteries, pagodas, Buddhist temples, fields, orchards, barns, canals, ponds, pottery kilns and smelting sites with different scales and different degrees of survival. More than 70 sites have been discovered. Niya, an ancient civilization site that dreamily remains in the vast desert, is the hometown of a "stunning country" with "480 households, 3,360 people and 500 victorious soldiers" recorded in The Biography of the Western Regions of Han Dynasty. 1995 The joint burial tomb of Han and Jin couples excavated by the Sino-Japanese Niya site joint investigation team is rare in the archaeological history of Xinjiang and even the whole country. At the same time, it was also listed as one of the top ten ancient discoveries in China in 1995 because of its scientific norms of field archaeological excavations and the abundance of exquisite and exotic unearthed objects, which best expressed the historical romantic beauty of "burying ancient civilization in sand". On the way to explore the Niya site, tourists can also take a trip to Minfeng Damaza, where the ancient trees are lush. The Maza is located in Niya Township, 96 kilometers north of Minfeng County, and is said to be the tomb of Gapar Sadik, the sixth generation imam of Shiites of Islam. Damaza, a popular place, is known as the "Mazza of the poor", because Muslims believe that if they are unable to make a pilgrimage to Mecca, they will make a pilgrimage to Mecca, so tens of thousands of pilgrims are received here every year. The Niya Site is located in the desert 20 kilometers north of Kaba Aska Village in Minfeng County, on the southern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and the Imam jaafar Sadik Damaza (Tomb) is also famous (ticket 50 yuan/person). The Niya site is a long and narrow strip centered at 82 degrees 43 minutes 14 seconds east longitude and 37 degrees 58 minutes 35 seconds north latitude. It is 7 kilometers wide from east to west and 25 kilometers long from north to south, scattered along the ancient riverbed of Niya River. In recent years, the site area has been moved to the north for dozens of kilometers. In the third century A.D. 1700 years ago, the Niya River, which originated from the Lvstag Glacier in Kunlun Mountains, extended northward, when it was still a prosperous oasis. Since 1700, due to the changes of climate and geology, the riverbed has retreated, and it has degenerated into a typical mobile dune landform. A hundred years ago, it was incredible to talk about the existence of such an ancient civilization in the vast sea of death. However, the archaeological achievements in the past hundred years have proved that the existence of this "Oriental Pompeii City" is an iron fact, leaving people with only textual research on this fact. It is generally believed that the disappearance of residential communities around the desert is always accompanied by the retreat, diversion or deterioration of other natural conditions of rivers. However, the comprehensive study of archaeology, meteorology and hydrogeology of the Niya site shows that the demise of Niya civilization is probably not due to the variation of natural conditions, but to military, social or other sudden factors. This magical site has left an eternal mystery for mankind. This ancient city was first discovered by the Englishman Stein in 1901, and was identified as the site of a state of perfection in the Western Han Dynasty. The Niya site is an east-west traffic fortress on the southern route of the Silk Road in the Western Regions during the Han and Jin Dynasties. It is located at the southern edge of the Taklimakan Desert, about 100 kilometers north of Minfeng County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang, and at the tail end of the Niya River. The site is centered on the stupa at 37 58 ′ 45.3 ″ north latitude and 82 43 ′ 13.5 ″ east longitude, and distributed in a north-south strip along the Guniya River. The distribution range is about 30 kilometers from north to south and 7 kilometers from east to west, with scattered houses, stupas, temples, city sites, smelting and casting sites, pottery kilns, tombs and orchards. From 1901, when Mark O'Rear Stein, a British Hungarian, first discovered the Niya site to the Sino-Japanese joint academic investigation in recent years, Niya archaeology has gone through nearly a hundred years, especially the Sino-Japanese joint academic investigation in recent years. The site was systematically investigated and scientifically standardized, and many important ancient cultural remains and precious relics were discovered, gradually unveiling the mysterious veil of the Niya site. Niya's predecessor was the ancient and refined country, located in the desert about 150 kilometers north of Minfeng County, surrounded by undulating sand mountains. Some of the excavated buildings are well preserved, except for houses with civil structures, there are rivers and canals. Wooden slips and sheepskin documents written with ancient characters in Khotan were also found in the site. The discovery of Niya I cemetery in 1995 made Niya archaeology obtain fruitful results, and was rated as "one of the top ten archaeological discoveries in China" by National Cultural Heritage Administration in that year, which caused a sensation in academic circles and attracted worldwide attention. In the area of 100 square meters, 8 tombs belonging to the upper ruling group of society were excavated, with rich funerary objects, high grade and well preserved. According to its types, it can be divided into pottery, wood, iron, lacquerware, bows and arrows, textiles and beads, among which textiles are the bulk. In particular, a number of thread fabrics and fine woolen fabrics with complex organization, gorgeous colors and intricate patterns have been unearthed, such as the brocade of "A prince who is a descendant of a thousand years" and the brocade of "Five Stars Out of the East and China", which have been designated as national treasures by the National Cultural Heritage Administration Appraisal Committee. The Niya site is an "exquisite" national site recorded in the biography of the Western Regions of Han Dynasty, which was merged by Shan in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and later controlled by Wei and Jin Dynasties. Because it is located in the traffic passage of the South Silk Road, the excavation of a large number of cultural relics not only reflects the rich regional cultural characteristics, but also provides detailed information for studying the history of the western regions, the history of the Silk Road and the history of ancient cultural exchanges between the East and the West. Niya and Loulan are two of the most famous ruins of ancient cities in China. Now the mystery of Loulan has been unveiled little by little, but Niya still refuses to show the world its fantastic history. Perhaps because of this, countless people set foot on this magical land without hesitation every year. Niya's predecessor was the ancient and refined country, located in the desert about 150 kilometers north of Minfeng County, surrounded by undulating sand mountains. Some of the excavated buildings are well preserved, except for houses with civil structures, there are rivers and canals. Wooden slips and sheepskin documents written with ancient characters in Khotan were also found in the site. According to relevant documents, in the Western Han Dynasty, Niya was a small country in the western regions. Who was their ancestor? From where? Why annihilate? When it will be annihilated is an unknown mystery. People only rely on a few things in their hands to let their thoughts wander over the dust and sand of the Millennium and sneak a peek at the remote ancient country at the end of the historical tunnel ... Special care: you need to get approval from the local cultural management department to enter Niya, and you also need to pay a certain amount of cultural relics maintenance fees. Transportation: Take the shuttle bus from Hotan to Niya first, and then rent a cross-country jeep to go there. Niya Pagoda Niya Pagoda is located in the Niya site in Minfeng County, on the lower reaches of the Niya River. The Niya site is the residential site of ancient residents and a national key cultural relics protection unit. Judging from the distribution of the present site, it is about 22 kilometers from north to south, and the east and west are bounded by canals. It is the legacy of a country that was lost in the Han and Jin Dynasties, and there are abundant unearthed cultural relics, among which Bolu Wen and Brocade of "Longevity and Great Children" are the essence, and there are also Chinese wooden slips, woodwork, seals, bronze and iron wares, currency, pottery, silk fragments and other tools for life and production. The unearthed documents are mainly imperial edicts, official documents, private contracts, letters, temple scripts and poems, which are precious written materials for studying the history of the Western Regions.