各國風俗禮儀英語
ost of you are familiar with American, Canadian and English Christmas customs, which are largely the same, including Santa bringing presents that sit below a lit up tree. But have you ever wondered just how Christmas is celebrated in China, or in Finland? Whether you?re just interested in learning more about other cultures or want to incorporate some new traditions into your holiday celebrations, this article is filled with all you need to know about international Christmases.
大多數人對英美加這些國家如何過聖誕都很熟悉。它們的聖誕習俗大同小異，包括聖誕老人在點亮的聖誕樹下放上禮物。但是妳曾想過中國、芬蘭這些國家是如何慶祝聖誕的嗎?不管妳是有興趣了解其他文化，還是想為自己的聖誕慶祝添點新花樣，我介紹的這篇文章將給妳所有?必知?的不同國家的聖誕知識。
Poland
波蘭
For Poles, Christmas Eve is a night of magic when animals are said to talk and people have the power to predict the future. It?s a time for families to gather and reconcile any differences, and to remember loved ones who have gone before them.
對於波蘭人來說，平安夜是充滿魔力的壹夜。據說動物在這壹夜可以與人說話，而人有預測未來的能力。家人們會在平安夜團聚壹堂，調和矛盾，並懷念過世的親人。
Wigilia (vee-GEEL-yah), which literally means "vigil," or waiting for the birth of Baby Jesus, is considered more important than Christmas Day itself.
對波蘭人來說，?守夜?或?等待嬰孩耶穌的誕生?(Wigilia)比聖誕節那壹天更重要。
Wigilia is a meatless meal because, years ago, Roman Catholics fasted for the four weeks of Advent, including Christmas Eve. In the past there were thirteen main dishes (representing the Apostles and Christ), but, these days, many families have replaced this tradition with a twelve-fruit compote for dessert.
?守夜?晚餐是素食，因為多年前，羅馬天主教徒在降臨節四周壹直到平安夜都齋戒。過去晚餐有13道主菜(代表耶穌和他的使徒)。但是如今許多家庭轉而選擇12樣水果的果盤甜點。
The foods are to represent the four corners of the earth -- mushrooms from the forest, grain from the fields, fruit from the orchards, and fish from the lakes and sea.
食物代表地球的天涯海角?蘑菇來自於森林，谷物來自於田地，水果來自於果園，而魚來自於湖海。
Meals vary from family to family but usually include a special soup followed by many elegant fish preparations, vegetables, and pierogi.
每家的飯菜都不同，但通常都包括壹種特制的湯，還有許多精致的魚肉餐、蔬菜和半圓形小酥餅。
Czech Republic
捷克***和國
The Czech version of Saint Nick is known as Svaty Mikulas, who is said to climb down to Earth from the heavens using a golden rope. Mikulas is accompanied by an angel and a devil who help him decide which girls and boys deserve treats and toys, and which ones deserve a swatch.
捷克人稱聖誕老人為?米庫拉斯?(Svaty Mikulas)。據說他用壹根金繩從天堂爬到了大地。陪在他身邊的是壹位天使和壹位惡魔。他們倆決定哪些男孩女孩值得得到美食和玩具而哪些孩子該被鞭打壹頓。
There are a lot of fortune-telling traditions that are associated with Christmas as well. One involves a family member cutting a branch from a cherry tree and putting it inside in water. If it blooms in time for Christmas it is good luck. It also may represent that the winter will be short, or if a single woman picked the branch, it could mean she will get married in the next year.
聖誕節也有壹些算命的習俗。其中有壹個是家庭成員從櫻桃樹上砍下壹根樹枝並把它放入水中。如果它在聖誕節開了花，就表示好運。它也代表冬季會很短。倘若壹位單身女子撿到了這根樹枝，這表示她在明年將會結婚。
On Christmas Eve, single woman also try to see if they will get married in the next year by standing outside with their back to their front door, removing one of their shoes and throwing it over their shoulder. If the shoe lands with the toe facing the door, then she will marry in the next year. If not, she will have to wait at least another 12 months.
在平安夜，單身女子還會通過?扔鞋子?來測試自己明年是否會結婚。她們在屋外背對前門站著，脫下壹只鞋，把它從肩上向後扔。如果鞋子落地時鞋頭朝門，這就表示她們明年將會結婚。如果鞋子鞋尾朝門，她們就得再等個壹年了。
Austria
奧地利
Austrian children still get to celebrate the arrival of Ol? Saint Nick, but they also have to brace themselves for the arrival of his evil counterpart, Krampus. Where Saint Nicholas rewards good behavior with treats and toys on December 6, the demonic Krampus arrives on December 5, looking to punish all the bad children. His weapons of choice are birch switches to beat children with and burlap sacks to kidnap them and throw them into the river. The worst part is that local men actually dress up like Krampus (just like many men dress up as Santa in America) and terrorize the streets. In some villages, kids are even made to run what is known as a Krampus-gauntlet, in an attempt to outrun the switches.
地利的孩子們慶祝聖誕老人的到來，但同時他們也得迎來邪惡的克拉普斯(Krampus)。聖誕老人在12月6號給表現好的孩子送美食、發玩具。而惡魔般的克拉普斯5號就到了，意在懲罰所有的壞孩子。他把樺樹枝做的鞭子當武器，還用粗麻袋綁架他們，把他們扔到河裏。最糟糕的是，當地的男士會打扮的像克拉普斯(就像許多美國人打扮的像聖誕老人壹樣)，在街上嚇唬小孩子。在很多村莊裏，很多小孩子甚至必須接受?克拉普斯大挑戰?，他們努力比克拉普斯的鞭子跑得更快。
?France
法國
Children of East France have an evil visitor to keep them behaving all year long. Le Pere Fouettard, which translates into ?The Whipping Father,? accompanies Saint Nicolas in on December 6. While St. Nick gives good children presents, Le Pere Fouettard gives coal and whippings to the naughty children.
法國東部的孩子們有個邪惡的造訪者，他叫?鞭子老爹?(Le Pere Fouettard)，確保孩子們壹整年都表現乖巧。聖誕老人12月6號給孩子分發禮物時，他也陪伴左右。?鞭子老爹?會給淘氣的孩子煤塊和壹頓鞭子。
One of the most popular origin stories of the character say that he was a greedy inn keeper who killed three rich boys on their way to boarding school. In many versions of the story, he even eats the children. Whether or not he cannibalizes the boys, the story ends when Saint Nick finds out and resurrects the children and forces Le Pere Fouettard to act as his servant throughout time.
關於?鞭子老爹?這個人物的起源，最流行的壹個版本是說，他是壹個貪婪的'旅館老板，在三個富男孩上學路上把他們殺了。很多其他版本甚至流傳他吃小孩。故事的結局是聖誕老人找到並救出了孩子們，還迫使?鞭子老爹?永世做他的仆人。
Aside from The Whipping Father, another popular French tradition involves making a cake that looks like a traditional Yule log, known as buche de Noel. Christmas trees never really caught on in the country and while most people don?t have any use for an actual Yule log, the cake is a fun and festive substitute. Some of the buche de Nol can get fairly elaborate and even involve meringue mushrooms and edible flower decorations.
除了?鞭子老爹?的故事，法國聖誕還有壹個傳統是做?聖誕柴蛋糕?。其實聖誕樹從未風靡全法國。雖然聖誕柴對法國人來說沒什麽實際用途，但這個蛋糕代表了人們的愉快和節日的喜慶。有些?聖誕柴蛋糕?做得相當精致，甚至有蛋白酥皮小蘑菇和能吃的花朵裝飾品。
Germany
德國
Belsnickel is the German Santa?s dark enforcer, but he?s not nearly as evil as Krumpus or The Whipping Father. Instead he just wears fur from head to toe and gives good girls and boys candy and bad children coal and switches.
貝爾森克(Belsnickel)是德國聖誕老人的懲罰執行者，但他沒克拉普斯或鞭子老爹那麽邪惡。他從頭到腳穿著毛皮，給好孩子們發糖果，給壞孩子們煤塊和壹頓鞭子。
Many are decorated with a wreath known as an ?Adventskranz.? These wreaths have four candles which serve as a sort of weekly advent calendar, as each Sunday marks the opportunity to light a new candle.
許多地方都裝飾有?降臨節花環?(Adventskranz)。花環上有四只蠟燭，代表著降臨節周歷。每周日都點燃壹只蠟燭。四只都被點燃時就意味著聖誕節到了。
On December 21, St. Thomas Day is believed to be the shortest day of the year and anyone who arrives late to work is called a ?Thomas Donkey.? They are also given a cardboard donkey and made fun of throughout the rest of the day.
12月21日是?聖?托馬斯日?(St. Thomas Day)，據說是壹年中最短的壹天。任何在這壹天上班遲到的人都被叫做?托馬斯驢子?，他們還會收到壹個紙板做的驢子，並且被嘲笑壹整天。
Like many places in Europe, the Christmas tree is kept secret from the children until Christmas Eve. The parents bring the tree in, decorate it with candies, tinsel, lights and toys, put presents and plates of candy treats under the tree and then ring a bell signaling that the children can enter. The children then get to eat snacks and the whole family opens presents.
跟歐洲許多地方壹樣，在德國，聖誕樹直到平安夜才能讓孩子們看到。父母們把聖誕樹拉出來，裝飾上蠟燭、金屬亮片、彩燈和玩具，把禮物和壹碟碟的糖果放在樹下，然後搖壹下鈴，表示孩子們可以進來了。小孩子們便可以吃小吃，全家壹起打開禮物。
;