The emergence of pottery dating back about 1 million years or so, China has entered the New Stone Age, began to settle in life, water, with objects of daily life, such as the need to promote the invention of pottery. Chinese pottery wider distribution, mainly in the Yangtze River and Yellow River Basin. Yangshao culture which is the New Stone Age culture more representative of the type, characterized by painted pottery, also known as the "painted pottery culture", which derived Banpo and Miao Digou two types of decorative patterns, has high artistic value. Majiayao culture is the culture of the late New Stone Age type than a little late Yangshao culture, since about 5000. Black painted pottery is the second after another great invention, since about 4000 the Longshan Culture period, there has been a unique process of eggshell pottery. In recent years, Shandong, Hebei and more in the vicinity of imitation, there is a high value for collection. Qin and Han Dynasty pottery figurine of China's ancient sculpture of the peak figure, so that the ceramic technology and the arts reached a high position. In addition, three of the color of the Tang Dynasty, the Ming and Qing dynasties such as Yixing, China is an important aspect of pottery relics, it is worthy of collection and research.
Ceramics (Ceramics), the general term for pottery and porcelain. Ceramic refers to the traditional concept of all inorganic non-metallic minerals such as clay as raw material of artificial industrial products. It consists of clay from or containing a mixture of clay by kneading, molding, and calcined made of a variety of products. By the most rough-earth to the most refined of the fine pottery and porcelain are it. For its main raw materials are derived from natural silicate minerals (such as clay, feldspar, quartz, etc.), and glass, cement, ceramic, refractory material, such as industry, with an "industrial silicate" (Silicate Industry ) Area.
The history of ceramics is the history of Chinese civilization is an important part of China, as one of the four ancient civilizations, human development and social progress made outstanding contributions, including the invention of ceramics and the development of a more unique significance , The history of China-North Korea on behalf of all the different artistic styles and different technical characteristics. English of "china" China not only mean, ceramics and mean, clearly demonstrates China is the "hometown of pottery." changaiyin
As early as the Europeans have porcelain manufacturing technology over 1000 years ago, Chinese people have created a very fine ceramics. China is the world's first application of one of the countries pottery, and porcelain from China for its high artistic quality and relevance of the world have attracted much praise.
The so-called pottery and porcelain refers to the use of plastic ware and porcelain clay quarry to do matrix, quartz and feldspar, and other raw materials-glaze, and through the forming, drying, firing from the products, mainly for daily use, art, and architecture Three pottery. Archaeological discoveries have proved that the Chinese people as early as the Neolithic Age (about 8000 BC) invented pottery. The emergence of primitive society with advanced agricultural production so that the ancestors of the Chinese people lead a life of a relatively fixed, the objective of pottery with the demand. In order to improve people's lives easier, improve the quality of life, gradually burn through the burning out of the clay pottery.
With the development of modern science and technology, and the past 100 years there have been many new varieties of ceramics. They no longer use or the use of small clay, feldspar, quartz and other traditional ceramic materials, but the use of other special materials, and even extended to non-silicate, non-oxide scope, and there have been a lot of new technology. The United States and some European countries have literature "Ceramic" understanding of the term for a variety of solid inorganic non-metallic materials known. Therefore, the meaning of ceramics in fact go far beyond the traditional concept in the past the narrow.
To date, the Definition of ceramics may be generally described as follows: The ceramic is aluminum silicate minerals such as oxides or as the main raw material, in accordance with the intention of people through specific physical and chemical processes at a high temperature to a certain degree of Temperature and atmosphere made of a certain type of rock technology. Glazing may be on the surface or glazing, porcelain has a number of different levels of transparency and a half, the species by one or more of the crystal and amorphous or cement and clinker with pores or inclusions, such as micro-structure.
Portland ceramic industry is one of the main branches of industry, belong to the scope of inorganic chemical industry. However, modern science and highly integrated with each other to infiltrate from the ceramic industry as a whole manufacturing process to analyze the contents of its complex and involve wide, is not only Using the theory of inorganic chemistry can be summarized.
A wide variety of ceramic products, their chemical composition. Mineral composition, physical properties, as well as manufacturing methods, often close to each other staggered, no boundaries, and in the application there is a huge difference. Therefore, it is difficult to be summed up in a few hard and fast system, a detailed classification of the various different view, the international community to now there is no uniform classification.
翻譯
"陶瓷"是壹種通稱,"陶"和"瓷"在質地上、物理性能上有很大區別.中國是最早制造陶器的國家之壹,是最早發明瓷器的國家.
陶器的出現大約在距今1萬年左右,中國進入新石器時代,開始了定居生活,盛水、蓄物等日常生活的需要,促使了陶器的發明.中國陶器的分布比較廣泛,主要集中的在黃河流域和長江流域.其中仰韶文化是新石器時期比較有代表性的文化類型,以彩陶為特點,也稱"彩陶文化",它派生出半坡和廟底溝兩個類型,裝飾圖案有很高的藝術價值.馬家窯文化是新石器晚期的文化類型,比仰韶文化略晚,距今約5000年.黑陶是繼彩陶之後的又壹偉大創造發明,距今約4000年的龍山文化時期,出現了工藝獨特的蛋殼陶.近些年來,山東、河北壹帶多有仿制,有較高的收藏價值.秦漢時期的陶俑,是我國古代人物雕塑的高峰,使制陶技術和藝術達到了很高的境地.此外,唐代的三彩器、明清兩代的紫砂器等,都是中國陶器文物的重要內容,很值得深入收藏和研究.
陶瓷(Ceramics),陶器和瓷器的總稱.陶瓷的傳統概念是指所有以粘土等無機非金屬礦物為原料的人工工業產品.它包括由粘土或含有粘土的混合物經混煉,成形,煆燒而制成的各種制品.由最粗糙的土器到最精細的精陶和瓷器都屬於它的範圍.對於它的主要原料是取之於自然界的矽酸鹽礦物(如粘土、長石、石英等),因此與玻璃、水泥、搪瓷、耐火材料等工業,同屬於"矽酸鹽工業"(Silicate Industry)的範疇.
陶瓷的發展史是中華文明史的壹個重要的組成部分,中國作為四大文明古國之壹,為人類社會的進步和發展做出了卓越的貢獻,其中陶瓷的發明和發展更具有獨特的意義,中國歷史上各朝各代不同藝術風格和不同技術特點.英文中的"china"既有中國的意思,又有陶瓷的意思,清楚地表明了中國就是"陶瓷的故鄉".changaiyin
早在歐洲人掌握瓷器制造技術壹千多年前,中國人就已經制造出很精美的陶瓷器.中國是世界上最早應用陶器的國家之壹,而中國瓷器因其極高的實用性和藝術性而備受世人的推崇.
所謂陶器和瓷器是指用可塑性制瓷粘土和瓷石礦做胎體,用長石和石英等原料制釉,並且通過成型、幹燥、燒制而成的制品,主要有日用、藝術、和建築陶器等三種.考古發現已經證明中國人早在新石器時代(約公元前8000)就發明了陶器.原始社會晚期出現的農業生產使中國人的祖先過上了比較固定的生活,客觀上對陶器有了需求.人們為了提高生活的方便,提高生活質量,逐漸通過燒制粘土燒制出了陶器.
隨著近代科學技術的發展,近百年來又出現了許多新的陶瓷品種.它們不再使用或很少使用粘土、長石、石英等傳統陶瓷原料,而是使用其他特殊原料,甚至擴大到非矽酸鹽,非氧化物的範圍,並且出現了許多新的工藝.美國和歐洲壹些國家的文獻已將"Ceramic"壹詞理解為各種無機非金屬固體材料的通稱.因此陶瓷的含義實際上已遠遠超越過去狹窄的傳統觀念了.
迄今為止,陶瓷器的界說似可概括地作如下描述:陶瓷是用鋁矽酸鹽礦物或某些氧化物等為主要原料,依照人的意圖通過特定的物理化學工藝在高溫下以壹定的溫度和氣氛制成的具有壹定型式的工藝巖石.表面可施釉或不施釉,若幹瓷質還具有不同程度的半透明度,通體是由壹種或多種晶體或與無定形膠結物及氣孔或與熟料包裹體等微觀結構組成.
陶瓷工業是矽酸鹽工業的主要分支之壹,屬於無機化學工業範圍.但現代科學高度綜合,互相滲透,從整個陶瓷工業制造工藝的內容來分析,它的錯綜復雜與牽涉之廣,顯然不是僅用無機化學的理論所能概括的.
陶瓷制品的品種繁多,它們之間的化學成分.礦物組成,物理性質,以及制造方法,常常互相接近交錯,無明顯的界限,而在應用上卻有很大的區別.因此很難硬性地歸納為幾個系統,詳細的分類法各家說法不壹,到現在國際上還沒有壹個統壹的分類方法.